S59: Dharawal | AIATSIS Collection

AIATSIS code:

S59

AIATSIS reference name:

Dharawal

tabs_horizontal

Name

Thesaurus heading language	Dharawal language S59
Thesaurus heading people	Dharawal people S59
ABN name	Dharawal language
ABS name	Dharawal
Horton name	Tharawal
Ethnologue name	Thurawal
ISO 639-3 code	tbh
Tindale name	Tharawal
Tindale (1974)	Darawa:l, Carawal (Pacific islands phonetic system, c = th), Turawal, Thurawal, Thurrawal, Thurrawall, Turu-wal, Turuwul, Turrubul, Turuwull, Ta-ga-ry (['tagara] = north), Five Islands tribe.
O'Grady et al (1966)	Dharawa, Thurrawal, Turuwul, Turrubul, Turuwull
Glottocode	thur1254
Other sources	Tharawal (Tindale 1974), Thurawal (Schmidt 1919a, 1919b), Mackenzie, O'Grady, Voegelin and Voegelin 1966, Tindale 194), Thurrawal (Mathews MS, 1901a, 1901b, 1903), Thur'rawal (Mathews MS, 1901a, 1901b), Turuwul (Ridley 1875), Turawal (Tindale 1940), Dharawal (Capell 1970, Wurm 1972), DharawaLl (Capell 1956, 1963, 1970), Oates (1970), Darawal (Capell unpublished grammar), Mathews (1964-1967) [Eades 1976] Darawal, Turrawal [Kohen & Steele 2009:224]
Synonyms	Bidjigal, Dharrawal (Besold, 2013), Tharawal, Thurawal, Wodiwodi, Dariwal, Gujangal, Guyangal, Dharawa, Thurrawal, Turuwul, Turrubul, Turuwull, Turawal, Dharawal, Darawal, Mathews, Darawa:l, Carawal, Thurrawall, Turu wal, Ta ga ry, Five Islands tribe

Comment

Comments:

'Dharawal is the northernmost of the coastal Yuin languages. It was spoken in the Illawarra region, roughly between Botany Bay and Jervis Bay. Its neighbours were the Sydney language to the north and Dharamba to the south' (Wafer & Lissarrague 2008:108).

Besold (2012-13:2) treats Wodi Wodi S58 as a local group name from the Illawarra area (Wollongong down to Jervis Bay) whose language is a southern dialect S58 of Dharrawal (S59). Eades (1976) concludes that Wodi Wodi S58 refers to the same language as Dharawal (S59). Dixon treats Wodi Wodi S58 as a possible dialect of Dharawal (S59) (2002: xxxv).

Besold (2012-13:70) reports that Gweagal D63 is the name of one of the social groups residing on the northern arm of Botany Bay (around La Perouse) and whose language is a northern dialect of Dharrawal D63. She also says that Gweagal is possibly a variant spelling of guya-gal 'south-belong', that is 'southerners' of the Kurnell Peninsula. Eades (1976:3) comments that it seems most unlikely there was any distinct dialect or language called Gwiyagal D63, suspecting that it was probably the name of a local group. Capell (1970:21) says Gwiyagal D63 is probably a dialectal form of Thurrawal (S59), having a distinct vocabulary.

See also Northern Dharawal D63 and Southern Dharawal S58.

References:

Attenbrow, Valerie. 2002. Sydney's Aboriginal past: investigating the archaeological and historical records Sydney: UNSW Press.
Besold, Jutta. 2012-13. Language Recovery of the New South Wales South Coast Aboriginal Languages. Australian National University, PhD thesis. (R01524 MAR)
Eades, Diana. 1976. The Dharawal and Dhurga languages of the New South Wales south coast: Australian Aboriginal Studies, Research and Regional Studies 8. Canberra: AIAS.
Tindale, Norman B. 1974. Aboriginal tribes of Australia: their terrain, environmental controls, distribution, limits, and proper names. Berkeley: University of California Press/Canberra: Australian National University Press.
Wafer, Jim, and Amanda Lissarrague. 2010. The Kuringgai puzzle. In Indigenous language and social identity: papers in honour of Michael Walsh, eds B. Baker, I. Mushin, M. Harvey & R. Gardner. Pacific Linguistics 626. Canberra: Pacific Linguistics.

Status:

Confirmed

Location

State / Territory:

NSW

Location information:

... spoken from the southern shores of Botany Bay to the Nowra-Jervis Bay area, and Dhurga from the Nowra-Jervis Bay area to Wallaga Lake (Eades 1976:5).

... from south side of Botany Bay,extending south as far as the Shoalhaven River; from the coast to the Georges River and Appin, and possibly as far west as Camden (Attenbrow 2002:34).

... on the south side of Botany Ban extending down the coast as far as Nowra and Jervis Bay (ALRRC).

From south side of Botany Bay and Port Hacking to north of Shoalhaven River. Inland to Campbelltown and Camden (Tindale 1974).

Maps:

Links

Search MURA people®

Search MURA language®

Awaye! Word Up: Because of her: Shannon Foster

Awaye! Word Up: Growing Up Aboriginal: Shannon Foster

Dictionary (download PDF)

Language and Culture App

Word Cards

Dharawal Dictionary

Dharug and Dharawal resources

Programs

Activities:

Ann Nugent developed curriculum materials for school use in 1980.

People:

Diana Eades, Janet Mathews, Robert Mathews, Ann Nugent

Indigenous organisations:

Tharawal Aboriginal Land Council - https://alc.org.au/land_council/tharawal/

Gujaja Foundation - https://www.gujaga.org.au/

Speakers

Year	Source	Speaker numbers
1975	Oates	-
1984	Senate	-
1990	Schmidt	-
1996	Census	-
2001	Census	-
2004	NILS1	-
2005	Estimate	4
2006	Census	-
2011	Census	16
2014	NILS2	50
2016	Census	27
2018-2019	NILS3

Speaker numbers were measured differently across the censuses and various other sources listed in AUSTLANG. You are encouraged to refer to the sources.

Speaker numbers for ‘NILS 2004’ and ‘2005 estimate’ come from 'Table F.3: Numbers of speakers of Australian Indigenous languages (various surveys)' in 'Appendix F NILS endangerment and absolute number results' in McConvell, Marmion and McNicol 2005, pages 198-230 (PDF, 2.5MB).

Documentation

Type	Documentation Status	Documentation Score
Word list	Small (20-100 pages)	2
Text Collection	Small (20-100 pages)	3
Grammar	Sketch grammar (less than 100 pages)	2
Audio-visual	1-10	2

Manuscript note:

tape transcription/field note available

Grammar:

Besold, Jutta. 2013. Language recovery of the New South Wales south coast Aboriginal languages. MS 5078.

Eades, Diana. 1976. The Dharawal and Dhurga languages of the New South Wales south coast. Canberra: AIAS.

Dictionary:

Besold, Jutta. 2013. Language recovery of the New South Wales south coast Aboriginal languages. MS 5078.

Eades, Diana. 1976. The Dharawal and Dhurga languages of the New South Wales south coast. Canberra: AIAS.

Classification

Source	Family	Group	Sub-group	Name	Relationship
Ethnologue (2005)	Pama-Nyungan	Yuin		Thurawal	Thurawal [dialects: Wadiwadi (Wodiwodi)]
Dixon (2002)		SOUTHERN NEW SOUTH WALES GROUP	New South Wales south coast group	Dharawal	Dharawal (or Thurrawal, Turuwul) further dialect: Wodi-Wodi
Wurm (1994)	Pama-Nyungan	Yuin-Kuric		Dharawal
Walsh (1981)	Pama-Nyungan	Yuin-Kuric	Yuin	Dharawal
Oates (1975)	Pama-Nyungan	Yuin-Kuric	Yuin	Dharawal
Wurm (1972)	Pama-Nyungan	Yuin-Kuric	Yuin	Dharawal
O'Grady, Voegelin and Voegelin (1966)	Pama-Nyungan	Yuin-Kuric	Yuin	Thurawal