Sourcebook for Central Australian Languages (1981):
Marawa (A22 ) in Sourcebook for Central Australian Languages (1981).
Jaru
- Names of the language and different spellings that have been used:
- Djaru (T,AC,SAW,O'G,RLS, Kaberry, AIAS), Dyaru (Kofod), Jarrau (R.H. Matthews), Tjaru (Douglas, Harrison) K.012 (Wanjira, K21)(Waringari, A63)
- Dialect: Jaru is in a dialect relationship to Nyininy.
- Jaru and Nyininy are said to be closely related to the following language, on which there is little information:
- Wanjira:
- Alternate names:
- Mulbera (Kaberry, alternate name),Wanjira (SAW), Wandjira (T,AC, AIAS, RLS), Wanjira is grouped with Waringari in Oates 1973.
- It is doubtful whether Waringari is a language name.
- See Ngarinman.
- Classification of the language:
- Northern Western Desert type, Ngumpin subgroup
- Identification codes:
- Oates '73: 59.3a (Wanjira, 59.3b) (Waringari, 59.3b)
- AIAS: K.012 (Wanjira, K21)(Waringari, A63)
- Capell: K3 (Wanjira, K3) (Waringari, A38)
- Present number and distribution of speakers:
- Hall's Creek area,(including Moola Bulla, Lamboo, Ruby Plains), south almost to Billiluna, Gordon Downs (until 1981), Nicholson, Flora Valley.
- Oates, 1973 -- 246 adults (Hudson, June 1973)
- Black, 1979 -- 250
- People who have worked intensively on the language:
- Tasakau Tsunoda (Nagoya, Japan)
- Practical orthography:
- None. Walmatjari orthography suitable.
- Word lists:
- Hudson (survey), Cooling, Tsunoda.
- Grammar or sketch grammar:
- Tsunoda, 1978.
- Material available on the language:
- (see also under Nyininy)
- Capell, A. 1940. The classification of languages in north and north-west Australia. Oceania 10.3:241-272, 10.4:404-433. tbls. maps. (brief comparative vocabularies, grammatical
- study, outline phonetics) (mentions Wanjira)
- ---------- 1955. Forchheimer and the pronoun. Oceania 25.4(June).
- ---------- The classification of languages in north and north-west Australia.
- ---------- & A.P. Elkin. 1937. The languages of the Kimberley Division. Oceania 8.2:216-245.
- Cooling, Graham & Dianne. 1968. The phonemes of Djaru. 38p. ts. Kunanurra. SIL. (data check form)
- Hudson, Joyce. 1973. Gurindji word list for a two-week survey (probably strongly influenced by Djaru). 12p. ts. SIL. (p10609, AIAS)
- ---------- 1973. Two Djaru word lists. 24p. SIL. (p 10607, AIAS)
- Kaberry, Phyllis M. 1937. Notes on the language of East Kimberley, North-West Australia. Oceania 8.11.
- O'Grady, Geoffrey N. 1957-58. Material on suffixing languages of W.A. ms. (comparative vocabularies in about 25 languages) (Ms 320, AIAS)
- ---------- Significance of the circumcision boundary in W.A. (comparative vocabularies of about 115 words) (AIAS restricted)
- Tsunoda, Tasaku. 1978. The Djaru language of Kimberley, Western Australia. 285p. Melbourne: Monash University dissertation. (Ms 1133, AIAS)
- Literacy material:
Kathy Menning (comp.) and David Nash (ed.) 1981. © IAD Press
AIATSIS gratefully acknowledges IAD Press for permission to use this material in AUSTLANG.
Handbook of Kimberley Languages (1988):
Nyamal (A58 ) in Handbook of Kimberley Languages (1988).
8.13 Wanyjirra / Wandjira
- Names of the language and different spellings that have been used:
- Wandjira (AIAS, Capell, Oates, Tsunoda, Wurm), Wanjira (Wurm), Wanjira:, Wanyjirra (Black & Walsh, KLS, McConvell), Mulbera (Kaberry, alternate name), Waringari (Oates, alternate name), Waiangara (Peile)
- Wanjira is grouped with Waringari in Oates (1973). It is, however, doubtful whether Waringari is a language name; more likely it is the pan-eastern Kimberley word waringarri which means 'a big group of people'. According to McConvell (1985:98), Wanyjirra is very similar to Gurindji; indeed, remarks on pages 107 and 108 of his article seem to suggest that Gurindji and Wanyjirra are in a dialectal relationship.
- Classification of the language:
- Northern Western Desert type, Ngumpin subgroup
- Identification codes:
- AIAS: K21
- Oates 1973: 59.3b
- Capell: K3
- Present number and distribution of speakers:
- Traditionally, between Upper Baines and Ord Rivers.
- Milliken estimates about 50 speakers in the NT, Inverway, Wave Hill.
- Milliken (1972) - 54
- Black (1979 ) - about 50
- People who have worked intensively on the language:
- Tsunoda, late 1970s, collected some information on the language during the course of his intensive investigation of Jaru in Halls Creek.
- McConvell, 1975-1980, collected some information on the language in the Victoria River region.
- Practical orthography:
- None established. The South Kimberley orthography or some variant would be suitable.
- Word lists:
- None
- Textual material:
- None
- Grammar or sketch grammar:
- None
- Material available on the language:
- McConvell, P. 1985. Domains and codeswitching among bilingual Aborigines. In Clyne, M. (ed.), Australia, meeting place of languages. Canberra: PL, C-92. 95-125.
- Tsunoda, T. 1975-1979. [Djaru field notes.] 24 parts. manuscript. AIAS Ms 1381. (A1;B4).
- Language programme:
- None
- Language learning material:
- None
- Literacy material:
- None
McGregor, William. 1988 Handbook of Kimberley Languages. Canberra: Pacific Linguistics. © Author.
AIATSIS gratefully acknowledge William McGregor for permission to use his material in AUSTLANG.
